Motivation and adherence to psychosocial treatment for alcohol and drug use-related problems / Motivação e adesão ao tratamento psicossocial entre usuários de substâncias químicas

This is a prospective cohort study of 150 individuals attending a specialized health service for substance-related disorders. The study investigated the association between motivation to remain in treatment and treatment adherence. All service users were interviewed soon after admission to the treatment program and were followed-up during the first two months of treatment. A Cox Regression Model was used to estimate the hazard ratios for dropout during the two months following the admission interview. The results indicated that individuals with a primary-school education, lack of income, and low motivation toward treatment at the admission interview presented a higher risk of treatment dropout. This study showed the importance of motivation in changing addictive behavior and in adherence to treatment as essential factors for recovery.

A associação entre a motivação para manter-se em tratamento e a respectiva adesão foi estudada em uma coorte prospectiva de 150 usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial-Álcool e Drogas. Modelo de Regressão de Cox foi usado para estimar as razões de risco para o abandono do tratamento durante os dois primeiros meses após a entrevista de admissão. Os resultados sugerem que a pouca escolaridade (até a 9ª série), a ausência ou insuficiência de renda, bem como a baixa motivação no momento da entrevista de admissão são fatores de risco para o abandono do tratamento. As motivações para mudar o comportamento aditivo e para aderir ao tratamento foram identificadas como um dos fatores importantes para a recuperação de indivíduos com problemas relacionados ao uso de substâncias químicas.

Construction and validation of content of one instrument to assess falls in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate the content of the online Questionnaire for Fall Risk Assessment in the Elderly. METHODS: The instrument was developed based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization. Initially, the set of items was submitted to evaluation of judges (healthcare professionals with experience in elderly health), who could suggest inclusion or exclusion of questions from the instrument; they were also asked to rate each question according to the expected scope. At this stage, clarity and relevance levels for each item were evaluated, generating a total of Content Validity Coefficient (CtVC). RESULTS: Content Validity Coefficient values were satisfactory for both clarity (CtVC=0.76) and relevance (CtVC=0.82) of the questions. Next, a group of elderly volunteers participating in a socializing group evaluated the questionnaire for comprehension. The level of comprehension for each item was identified on a Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 5. The questionnaire was considered easy to understand by most participants (95%), with a mean of 4.75 (±0.11) points for each item. CONCLUSION: The instrument showed acceptable psychometric qualities for screening fall risk among the elderly population. Future studies shall investigate different validation aspects of construct for this measure.

Construction and validation of content of one instrument to assess falls in the elderly / Construção e validade de conteúdo de um instrumento para avaliação de quedas em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective To develop and validate the content of the online Questionnaire for Fall Risk Assessment in the Elderly. Methods The instrument was developed based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization. Initially, the set of items was submitted to evaluation of judges (healthcare professionals with experience in elderly health), who could suggest inclusion or exclusion of questions from the instrument; they were also asked to rate each question according to the expected scope. At this stage, clarity and relevance levels for each item were evaluated, generating a total of Content Validity Coefficient (CtVC). Results Content Validity Coefficient values were satisfactory for both clarity (CtVC=0.76) and relevance (CtVC=0.82) of the questions. Next, a group of elderly volunteers participating in a socializing group evaluated the questionnaire for comprehension. The level of comprehension for each item was identified on a Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 5. The questionnaire was considered easy to understand by most participants (95%), with a mean of 4.75 (±0.11) points for each item. Conclusion The instrument showed acceptable psychometric qualities for screening fall risk among the elderly population. Future studies shall investigate different validation aspects of construct for this measure.

RESUMO Objetivo Desenvolver e validar o conteúdo do Questionário on-line para Avaliação do Risco de Quedas em Idosos. Métodos A construção do instrumento foi baseada na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Inicialmente, o conjunto de itens foi submetido à avaliação de juízes (profissionais da saúde com experiência em saúde do idoso), que puderam sugerir questões a serem incluídas/excluídas do instrumento, além de verificarem cada questão do questionário, observando se as dimensões a serem avaliadas tinham sido abrangidas. Nesta etapa, os níveis de clareza e pertinência do conteúdo foram avaliados, gerando um total de Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVCt). Resultados Os valores do Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo foram satisfatórios, tanto para a clareza (CVCt=0,76) quanto para a pertinência (CVCt=0,82) das questões. A seguir, a compreensão do questionário foi avaliada por idosos voluntários participantes de um grupo de convivência. O grau de compreensão para cada questão foi identificado em uma escala do tipo Likert, variando de 0 a 5. O questionário foi considerado de fácil compreensão pela maioria dos idosos (95%), com média de 4,75 (±0,11) pontos para cada questão. Conclusão O instrumento apresentou qualidades psicométricas aceitáveis para ser utilizado como ferramenta para rastrear o risco de quedas entre a população de idosos. Futuros estudos devem investigar diferentes aspectos da validade de construto desta medida.

Factors associated with post-diagnosis pregnancies in women living with HIV in the south of Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the factors associated with the occurrence of pregnancies after the diagnosis of infection by HIV. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with women of a reproductive age living with HIV/AIDS cared for in the public services of the city of Porto Alegre, in southern Brazil. The data was analyzed from a comparison between two groups: women with and women without pregnancies after the diagnosis of HIV. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the reasons of prevalence (RP). RESULTS: The occurrence of pregnancies after the diagnosis of HIV is associated with a lower level of education (RP adjusted = 1.31; IC95%: 1.03-1.66), non-use of condoms in the first sexual intercourse (RP = 1.32; IC95%: 1.02-1.70), being 20 years old or less when diagnosed with HIV (RP = 3.48; IC95%: 2.02-6.01), and experience of violence related to the diagnosis of HIV (RP = 1.28; IC95%: 1.06-1.56). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of pregnancies after the diagnosis of infection by HIV does not indicate the exercise of the reproductive rights of the women living with HIV/AIDS because these pregnancies occurred in contexts of great vulnerability.

The Scale of Self-Efficacy Expectations of Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment: A Tool for Identifying Risk for Non-Adherence to Treatment for HIV.

BACKGROUND: Identification of risk for non-adherence to treatment is a challenge for personalized care for people living with HIV. Standardized questionnaires of patients' expectations of their capability to overcome obstacles for treatment adherence may be used as a pre-screening for risk identification. A scale of self-efficacy expectations of adherence to antiretroviral treatment (SEA-ART scale) was previously developed. This study assesses the scale validity in predicting non-adherence to ART in adults living with HIV. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A prospective cohort study applied a 21-item SEA-ART scale to 275 adults in ART treatment at an outpatient public service for HIV in Southern Brazil. ART medications taken were assessed at one-month follow-up; ART adherence was devised as an intake of 95% and more of the prescribed medication. A SEA-ART score was calculated by adding up the scores of all items. Multivariable logistic regression and the Area Under the Receiver-Operating-Characteristic Curve (AUROC) were applied to examine the ability of the SEA-ART score to predict non-adherence at follow-up. The SEA-ART score varied from 21 to 105; mean 93.9; median 103.0. Non-adherence was 30.3% (n = 81/267). The odds of non-adherence was 8% lower for each unit increase of the SEA-ART score; after adjustment for age, sex, formal education and time in treatment (OR = 0.92; 95%CI 0.90-0.95; LRT for linear trend, p = 0.002). The AUROC was 0.80 (95%CI 0.73-0.87; p<0.001). The SEA-ART optimal cut-off value was 101, providing a sensitivity of 76.5%, a specificity of 73.1%, a positive predictive value of 55.4% and a negative predictive value of 87.7%. There was no evidence of difference in sensitivity, and specificity among groups organized by age, gender, formal education and time in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The SEA-ART scale appears to have a good capacity to discriminate between adherents and non-adherents at one-month follow-up. Further studies should confirm these results in other populations.

[Development and validation of a social vulnerability index applied to public policies of the Unified Health System (SUS)]. / Desenvolvimento e validação de um índice de vulnerabilidade social aplicado a políticas públicas do SUS.

The article outlines the development and initial validation of a Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) including five social determinants of risk to health and demonstrates its application in the financing of primary care by the Unified Health System (SUS) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Municipal indicators of vulnerability relating to poverty and population dispersion were obtained from the 2010 population census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis suggests that the five items can constitute a reliable and acceptable measurement scale. The SVI-5 was then generated based on the first main component, measuring municipal inequalities in social vulnerability relating to poverty and population in the territory in Z-scores. The external validity of SVI-5 was examined in relation to health outcomes using DATASUS 2007-2011 data, revealing that infant mortality and hospitalizations for conditions treatable by primary care are greater in more vulnerable municipalities The results suggest that the SVI-5 is a valid measure of inequalities in social vulnerability between municipalities, applicable to socially equitable policies in health.

Desenvolvimento e validação de um índice de vulnerabilidade social aplicado a políticas públicas do SUS / Development and validation of a social vulnerability index applied to public policies of the Unified Health System (SUS)

O artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e a validação inicial de um Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social - IVS-5, incluindo cinco determinantes sociais de risco à saúde, e exemplifica sua aplicação no financiamento da atenção básica pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Rio Grande do Sul. Indicadores municipais de vulnerabilidade relativa à pobreza e dispersão populacional foram obtidos do Censo do IBGE-2010. A análise fatorial exploratória e a análise fatorial confirmatória sugerem que os cinco itens podem constituir uma escala de medida cuja confiabilidade é aceitável. O IVS-5 foi então gerado a partir do primeiro componente principal, medindo, em escores Z, desigualdades municipais na vulnerabilidade social relativa à pobreza e dispersão populacional no território. A validade externa do IVS-5 foi examinada em relação a desfechos de saúde, usando dados do Datasus 2007-2011, mostrando que a mortalidade infantil e as hospitalizações por condições sensíveis à atenção básica são maiores em municípios mais vulneráveis. Os resultados sugerem que o IVS-5 é medida válida de desigualdades na vulnerabilidade social entre municípios, aplicável a políticas de equidade social e em saúde.

The article outlines the development and initial validation of a Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) including five social determinants of risk to health and demonstrates its application in the financing of primary care by the Unified Health System (SUS) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Municipal indicators of vulnerability relating to poverty and population dispersion were obtained from the 2010 population census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis suggests that the five items can constitute a reliable and acceptable measurement scale. The SVI-5 was then generated based on the first main component, measuring municipal inequalities in social vulnerability relating to poverty and population in the territory in Z-scores. The external validity of SVI-5 was examined in relation to health outcomes using DATASUS 2007-2011 data, revealing that infant mortality and hospitalizations for conditions treatable by primary care are greater in more vulnerable municipalities The results suggest that the SVI-5 is a valid measure of inequalities in social vulnerability between municipalities, applicable to socially equitable policies in health.

Child maltreatment and later cognitive functioning: a systematic review / Maus-tratos na infância e funcionamento cognitivo tardio: uma revisão sistemática

This systematic review sought to assess the impact of child maltreatment on cognitive functioning. Seventeen papers from Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Amed (1995-2011) databases were analyzed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The studies have shown that maltreatment during childhood has deleterious effects on cognitive functioning. Overall, adults or children/teenagers exposed to abuse during childhood performed poorly on tasks meant to assess verbal episodic memory, working memory, attention, and executive functions. We conclude that child maltreatment is a risk factor for short and long-term development due to potential adverse effects on cognitive functioning.(AU)

Este estudo buscou investigar os efeitos da exposição a maus-tratos sobre o funcionamento cognitivo através do método de revisão sistemática da literatura. Pelos bancos de dados Medline, PsycINFO, Embase e Amed (1995-2011), a partir de critérios de inclusão/exclusão, foram recuperados e analisados 17 trabalhos.Os estudos mostraram que há um efeito deletério de experiências de maus-tratos na infância no funcionamento cognitivo. De maneira geral, adultos ou crianças/adolescentes que sofreram maus-tratos na infância demonstraram um perfil cognitivo inferior em tarefas que examinaram memória verbal episódica, memória de trabalho, atenção e componentes das funções executivas. Conclui-se que maus-tratos sofridos na infância constituem fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento, tanto a curto quanto a longo-prazo, pois podem acarretar prejuízos cognitivos.(AU)

Child maltreatment and later cognitive functioning: a systematic review / Maus-tratos na infância e funcionamento cognitivo tardio: uma revisão sistemática

This systematic review sought to assess the impact of child maltreatment on cognitive functioning. Seventeen papers from Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Amed (1995-2011) databases were analyzed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The studies have shown that maltreatment during childhood has deleterious effects on cognitive functioning. Overall, adults or children/teenagers exposed to abuse during childhood performed poorly on tasks meant to assess verbal episodic memory, working memory, attention, and executive functions. We conclude that child maltreatment is a risk factor for short and long-term development due to potential adverse effects on cognitive functioning...

Este estudo buscou investigar os efeitos da exposição a maus-tratos sobre o funcionamento cognitivo através do método de revisão sistemática da literatura. Pelos bancos de dados Medline, PsycINFO, Embase e Amed (1995-2011), a partir de critérios de inclusão/exclusão, foram recuperados e analisados 17 trabalhos.Os estudos mostraram que há um efeito deletério de experiências de maus-tratos na infância no funcionamento cognitivo. De maneira geral, adultos ou crianças/adolescentes que sofreram maus-tratos na infância demonstraram um perfil cognitivo inferior em tarefas que examinaram memória verbal episódica, memória de trabalho, atenção e componentes das funções executivas. Conclui-se que maus-tratos sofridos na infância constituem fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento, tanto a curto quanto a longo-prazo, pois podem acarretar prejuízos cognitivos...

[Quality of life of women recovering from breast cancer after being subjected to mastectomies compared with those who had conservative surgery: a review of the literature]. / Qualidade de vida em mulheres submetidas à mastectomia comparada com aquelas que se submeteram à cirurgia conservadora: uma revisão de literatura.

This study reviews the literature on the quality of life (QoL) of women with breast cancer who have been subjected to mastectomy, compared with those who had conservative surgery. Eight random controlled trials were selected. The studies were compared with respect to the moment quality of life was assessed (whether during or after treatment for breast cancer), the measurement tools of quality of life used, and also the methodology and results achieved. The results of four studies suggest a stronger negative impact in the QoL of mastectomized women; the other four studies showed no difference between the groups in terms of QoL. Objective measurements of quality of life may help identify potentially critical situations of daily life and assist in planning actions to promote health among women who have been subjected to breast cancer surgery.

Qualidade de vida em mulheres submetidas à mastectomia comparada com aquelas que se submeteram à cirurgia conservadora: uma revisão de literatura / Quality of life of women recovering from breast cancer after being subjected to mastectomies compared with those who had conservative surgery: a review of the literature

Este estudo revisa a literatura sobre a qualidade de vida (QV) de mulheres com câncer de mama submetidas à mastectomia comparadas àquelas que realizaram cirurgia conservadora. A seleção final resultou em oito ensaios clínicos randomizados. Os estudos foram comparados quanto ao momento em que a QV foi avaliada, se durante ou após o tratamento, quanto aos instrumentos que mensuraram a QV, e quanto à metodologia e resultados. Os resultados de quatro estudos apontam para maior impacto negativo na QV em mulheres mastectomizadas; outros quatro estudos não evidenciam diferenças na QV entre os grupos que passaram pelos dois tipos de intervenção. Medidas objetivas de QV poderão ajudar a identificar situações potencialmente difíceis da vida diária e auxiliar no planejamento de ações de promoção da saúde de mulheres que passaram por cirurgia para câncer de mama.

This study reviews the literature on the quality of life (QoL) of women with breast cancer who have been subjected to mastectomy, compared with those who had conservative surgery. Eight random controlled trials were selected. The studies were compared with respect to the moment quality of life was assessed (whether during or after treatment for breast cancer), the measurement tools of quality of life used, and also the methodology and results achieved. The results of four studies suggest a stronger negative impact in the QoL of mastectomized women; the other four studies showed no difference between the groups in terms of QoL. Objective measurements of quality of life may help identify potentially critical situations of daily life and assist in planning actions to promote health among women who have been subjected to breast cancer surgery.

A Disease Register for ME/CFS: Report of a Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The ME/CFS Disease Register is one of six subprojects within the National ME/CFS Observatory, a research programme funded by the Big Lottery Fund and sponsored by Action for ME. A pilot study in East Anglia, East Yorkshire, and London aimed to address the problem of identifying representative groups of subjects for research, in order to be able to draw conclusions applicable to the whole ME/CFS population.While not aiming for comprehensive population coverage, this pilot register sought to recruit participants with ME/CFS in an unbiased way from a large population base. Those recruited are constituting a cohort for long-term follow-up to shed light on prognosis, and a sampling frame for other studies. FINDINGS: Patients with unidentified chronic fatigue were identified in GP databases using a READ-code based algorithm, and conformity to certain case definitions for ME/CFS determined. 29 practices, covering a population aged 18 to 64 of 143,153, participated.510 patients with unexplained chronic fatigue were identified. 265 of these conformed to one or more case definitions. 216 were invited to join the register; 160 agreed. 96.9% of participants conformed to the CDC 1994 (Fukuda) definition; the Canadian definition defined more precisely a subset of these. The addition of an epidemiological case definition increased case ascertainment by approximately 4%. A small-scale study in a specialist referral service in East Anglia was also undertaken.There was little difference in pattern of conformity to case definitions, age or sex among disease register participants compared with subjects in a parallel epidemiological study who declined to participate.One-year follow-up of 50 subjects showed little change in pain or fatigue scores. There were some changes in conformity to case definitions. CONCLUSIONS: Objective evaluation indicated that the aim of recruiting participants with ME/CFS to a Disease Register had been fulfilled, and confirmed the feasibility of our approach to case identification, data processing, transmission, storage, and analysis. Future developments should include expansion of the ME/CFS Register and its linkage to a tissue sample bank and post mortem tissue archive, to facilitate support for further research studies.

The expressed needs of people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to review systematically the needs for support in managing illness and maintaining social inclusion expressed by people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of primary research and personal ('own') stories expressing the needs of people with CFS/ME. Structured searches were carried out on Medline, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, ASSIA, CENTRAL, and other health, social and legal databases from inception to November 2007. Study inclusion, data extraction and risk of bias were assessed independently in duplicate. Expressed needs were tabulated and a conceptual framework developed through an iterative process. RESULTS: Thirty two quantitative and qualitative studies, including the views of over 2500 people with CFS/ME with mainly moderate or severe illness severity, met the inclusion criteria. The following major support needs emerged: 1) The need to make sense of symptoms and gain diagnosis, 2) for respect and empathy from service providers, 3) for positive attitudes and support from family and friends, 4) for information on CFS/ME, 5) to adjust views and priorities, 6) to develop strategies to manage impairments and activity limitations, and 7) to develop strategies to maintain/regain social participation. CONCLUSIONS: Although the studies were heterogeneous, there was consistent evidence that substantial support is needed to rebuild lives. Gaining support depends - most importantly - on the ability of providers of health and social care, colleagues, friends and relatives, and those providing educational and leisure services, to understand and respond to those needs.

Inequalities in cesarean delivery rates by ethnicity and hospital accessibility in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate inequalities in cesarean delivery rates in Brazil according to ethnic group and level of access to hospital delivery. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data for primiparous women with singleton deliveries between 2003 and 2004 from the National Information System of Live-Births (6,064,799 live births). Robust Poisson regression modeling was applied to estimate prevalence ratios of cesarean deliveries for ethnic group and level of access to hospital delivery according to residence. RESULTS: There were 2,438,180 primiparous deliveries and the cesarean rate was 45.8%. Ethnic inequalities in cesarean delivery rates showed lower rates for all ethnic groups compared with white women, with the lowest rates recorded for indigenous women. The association between ethnicity and cesarean delivery was higher in states with lower access to hospital (P<0.001). Multiple regression models showed that this association was, in part, explained by older maternal age and higher levels of education and prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Overuse of cesarean delivery and strong evidence of ethnic inequalities in cesarean rates exist in Brazil. The inequalities are greater in states with lower access to hospital and were partially explained by socioeconomic factors and prenatal care, suggesting a misuse of medical technology at birth.

Motivação de pacientes hospitalizados para evitar o consumo excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas / Motivación de pacientes hospitalizados para evitar el consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas / Motivation of hospitalized patients to avoid excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages

Esta pesquisa visou a determinar as variáveis associadas à motivação de pacientes hospitalizados para evitar o consumo excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, do qual participaram 1.050 pacientes do sexo masculino com idade entre 21 e 70 anos, internados em três hospitais da cidade de Pelotas, no período de 1° de novembro de 2000 a 15 de junho de 2001. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através da aplicação de questionários. Os achados revelaram que 180 pacientes eram bebedores excessivos, predominando, entre eles, as pessoas com menor poder aquisitivo e elevada faixa etária. Já os mais jovens mostraram-se pouco motivados para evitar tal hábito; por esse motivo, tal grupo deve ser considerado alvo prioritário das intervenções realizadas pelos profissionais de saúde, a fim de possibilitar sua sensibilização quanto aos transtornos ocasionados pelo abuso do álcool.

This research aimed to determine the variables associated to the motivation of inpatients to avoid excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. This is a cross-sectional study in which participated 1.050 male patients aged between 21 and 70 years, hospitalized in three hospitals of the city of Pelotas, in the period from November 1st, 2000 to June 15th, 2001. Data collection was performed by the application of questionnaires. The findings revealed that 180 patients were excessive drinkers, predominating, among them, people with less economic power and higher age group. By the other hand, the younger group presented itself less motivated to avoid such habits. Therefore, that group must be considered a priority target from interventions performed by health professionals, in order to enable their awareness about the inconvenience caused by the abuse of alcohol.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar las variables asociadas a la motivación de pacientes hospitalizados a fin de evitar el consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, en el cual participaron 1.050 pacientes de sexo masculino con edades entre 21 y 70 años, hospitalizados en tres hospitales de la ciudad de Pelotas, en el período de 1 de noviembre de 2000 al 15 de junio de 2001. La colecta de datos fue realizada mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios. Los hallazgos revelaron que 180 pacientes fueron bebedores excesivos, predominando, entre ellos, las personas con menos poder adquisitivo y de alta faja etaria. Ya, los más jóvenes se mostraron poco motivados para evitar tal hábito, por ese motivo, ese grupo debe ser considerado meta prioritaria de las intervenciones realizadas por los profesionales de la salud, a fin de posibilitar su sensibilización acerca de los trastornos causadas por el abuso del alcohol.

[Nutritional status and social determinants of child height in the Guarita Indigenous Territory, Southern Brazil]. / Estado nutricional e fatores associados à estatura de crianças da Terra Indígena Guarita, Sul do Brasil.

The nutritional status of under-five children and the association between social conditions and child stature were examined using data from the program to control malnutrition and mortality in the Guarita Indigenous Territory, southern Brazil, 2001-2002. Anthropometric indices were calculated in z-scores of the CDC 2000 reference. At entrance into the program, 34.7% of the children presented stunting, 12.9% low weight for age, 4.2% wasting, and 8.7% overweight. Stunting was most prevalent among boys and children older than one year. Multivariate linear regression showed that, on average, children were shorter when the drinking water was collected directly in the environment (p = 0.046), there was no refrigerator for food preservation (p = 0.021), maternal age was less than 16 years at the birth of the oldest child among the under-fives (p = 0.019), and the mother was illiterate (p = 0.083). Sewage facilities only had an effect on the unadjusted model. There was no evidence that the number of under-five children had an effect on stature. Social inclusion policies and health and social provision which takes these factors into account are potentially relevant for improving health and nutrition in this population.

Estado nutricional e fatores associados à estatura de criancas da Terra Indígena Guarita, Sul do Brasil / Nutritional status and social determinants of child height in the Guarita Indigenous Territory, Southern Brazil

O estado nutricional de criancas menores de cinco anos e fatores associados à estatura foram estudados usando dados de um programa para controle da desnutricão e mortalidade na Terra Indígena Guarita, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2001/2002. índices antropométricos foram calculados em escores-z da referência CDC/2000. Na primeira avaliacão pelo programa, 34,7 por cento, das criancas apresentavam baixa estatura, 12,9 por cento baixo peso para idade, 4,2 por cento baixo peso para estatura e 8,7 por cento sobrepeso. Baixa estatura foi mais prevalente em meninos e maiores de um ano. Modelos de regressão linear múltipla sugerem que a altura foi, em média, menor quando a água para alimentacão era de fonte/poco/rio (p = 0,046), não havia geladeira para conservar alimentos (p = 0,021), a mãe era menor de 16 anos ao nascimento do mais velho entre os filhos menores de cinco anos (p = 0,019) e analfabeta (p = 0,083). O destino dos dejetos evidenciou efeito apenas no modelo bruto. Não houve evidência de efeito do número de filhos menores de cinco anos. Políticas de inclusão social e provisão de recursos sociais e de saúde são potencialmente relevantes para a saúde e nutricão nessa populacão.

[Social inequalities in cesarean section rates in primiparae, Southern Brazil]. / Desigualdade social nas taxas de cesariana em primíparas no Rio Grande do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of social inequalities in cesarean section rates among primiparae having single pregnancy and delivering in maternity hospitals. METHODS: The study was carried out in Southern Brazil in 1996, 1998 and 2000. Data from the Live Birth National Information System were used to estimate annual rates and crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of cesarean sections according to social conditions (maternal age and education, newborn skin color/ethnicity and macro-regions), duration of pregnancy, and number of prenatal visits. RESULTS: The overall cesarean section rate was 45%, and above 37% in all macro-regions. Increased rates were seen among native and black mothers, aged 30 years or more, living in metropolitan, river valley and mountain macro-regions and having attended to more than six prenatal visits. Crude and adjusted OR show that cesarean rates were negatively associated with all categories of skin color/ethnicity when compared to white newborns, particularly those of native Brazilian (ORadj=0.43; 95% CI: 0.31-0.59), and they were positively associated with higher maternal education (ORadj=3.52; 95% CI: 3.11-3.99), older age (ORadj=6.87; 95% CI: 5.90-8.00) and greater number of prenatal visits (ORadj=2.16; 95% CI: 1.99-2.35). The effects of age and education were partly mediated by the greater number of prenatal visits among higher educated older women. The OR varied among macro-regions but were greater for the wealthier mountain region. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of cesarean section rates in Southern Brazil are a public health concern. They are associated with social, economic and cultural factors which can lead to misuse of medical technology during labor and delivery.

Desigualdade social nas taxas de cesariana em primíparas no Rio Grande do Sul / Social inequalities in cesarean section rates in primiparae, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito das desigualdades sociais nas taxas de cesariana em primíparas, com gravidez única e parto hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 1996, 1998 e 2000. Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos no cálculo das taxas anuais e das razões de chance de cesariana (RC) brutas e ajustadas para condições sociais (escolaridade e idade maternas, etnia/cor da pele e macro-regional de saúde), duração da gestação e número de consultas pré-natal. RESULTADOS: A taxa de cesarianas foi de 45 por cento, e acima de 37 por cento para todas as macro-regionais. As taxas aumentaram entre: mulheres de etnia indígena e negra, mulheres com mais de 30 anos, residentes nas macro-regiões Metropolitana, Vales e Serra, e com mais de seis consultas no pré-natal. Razões brutas e ajustadas indicaram taxas negativamente associadas para todas as categorias de etnia/cor, quando comparadas à cor branca da pele do recém-nascido, em especial para etnia indígena (RCaj=0,43; IC 95 por cento: 0,31-0,59), positivamente associadas à escolaridade (RCaj=3,52; IC 95 por cento: 3,11-3,99) e idade maternas mais elevadas (RCaj=6,87; IC 95 por cento: 5,90-8,00), e maior número de consultas pré-natal (RCaj=2,16; IC 95 por cento: 1,99-2,35). Os efeitos de idade e escolaridade mostraram estar parcialmente mediados pelo maior número de consultas pré-natal nas mulheres com idade e escolaridade mais elevadas. As taxas variaram entre as macro-regionais, sendo maiores na região da Serra, economicamente mais rica. CONCLUSÕES: Altas taxas de cesariana no sul do Brasil constituem problema de saúde pública e estão associadas a fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais, os quais podem levar ao mau-uso da tecnologia médica na atenção ao parto.

Desigualdade social e outros determinantes da altura em crianças: uma análise multinível / Social inequalities and other determinants of height in children: a multi-level analysis

Estudo transversal de base populacional sobre altura de crianças de 12 a 59 meses (n = 2.632) foi realizado em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Usou-se regressão linear multinível para investigar o efeito de condições sócio-econômicas, demográficas, de saúde e dos ambientes físico e social sobre a altura, medida em escores-z do padrão de altura para idade do National Center for Health Statisrics. A área de localização do domicílio foi classificada como bem e mal provida em infra-estrutura habitacional. A altura foi, em média, -0,18 escore-z, estando positivamente associada a escolaridade e qualificação ocupacional dos pais, renda, qualidade de moradia, idade materna, intervalo interpartal e peso de nascimento, e negativamente relacionada a prematuridade, número de menores de cinco anos no domicílio e hospitalização nos dois primeiros anos de vida. O efeito da educação materna foi o dobro nas áreas mal providas em infra-estrutura habitacional. O efeito positivo da qualificação ocupacional dos pais foi evidente apenas nas áreas mal providas. Provavelmente, a área de residência modifica o efeito das condições sócio-econômicas sobre o crescimento. Programas habitacionais e de saneamento são potencialmente úteis para diminuir o efeito de condições sócio-econômicas desfavoráveis sobre o crescimento da criança.